7 results
Austria
- Reinhard Bork, University of Hamburg, Michael Veder
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- Book:
- Harmonisation of Transactions Avoidance Laws
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 26 May 2022
- Print publication:
- 09 February 2022, pp 529-568
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Summary
PART 1. DETAILS OF YOUR NATIONAL TRANSACTIONS AVOIDANCE LAW
I. SYSTEM
Question 1. Is your transactions avoidance law (for terminology cf. Introduction at C.) part of insolvency law or is it in parts or as a whole incorporated in other fields of law (e.g. general civil law, commercial law, company law)?
Austrian transaction avoidance law is generally incorporated in insolvency law, more precisely in part one, chapter two of the Austrian Insolvency Act (BGBl. I No. 29/2010, see §§27 to 43 Insolvenzordnung (hereinafter “IO”)).
In addition, the Austrian Business Reorganisation Act of 1997 (BGBl. I No. 114/1997 Unternehmensreorganisationsgesetzt, hereinafter “URG”) should be mentioned here. §18 URG deals with the calculation of the suspect period in case (pre-insolvency) reorganisation proceedings according to the URG precede the opening of insolvency proceedings. §20 URG addresses the avoidance of measures taken to continue the ordinary course of business during reorganisation proceedings and of reorganisation measures. However, in practice the URG does not play a significant role.
Question 2. Are the rules on transactions avoidance law in your jurisdiction the same for entrepreneurs/legal entities and consumers/natural persons? If not, please explain the differences and take it into account when completing this questionnaire.
Yes, in principle, the rules on transactions avoidance law are the same for all debtors. However, in so-called “debt settlement proceedings”(“Schuldenregulierungsverfahren”), i.e. insolvency proceedings for natural persons not operating a business (see §181 IO), §189 IO provides that any insolvency creditor is entitled to avoidance of transactions according to §§27 to 43 IO. The legislator had to adopt such a rule because debt settlement proceedings are generally debtor-in-possession-proceedings (see §186 IO).
Question 3. Are the rules on transactions avoidance law in your jurisdiction the same for liquidation and restructuring proceedings (if any)? If not, please explain the differences and take it into account when completing this questionnaire.
Yes, in Austria both liquidation and restructuring proceedings (also referred to as “reorganisation proceedings”, in German: “Sanierungsverfahren”) are governed by the Insolvency Act. Therefore, the same rules on transaction avoidance apply. For debtor-in-possession proceedings special rules clarify who is entitled to ask for the avoidance of legal acts according to §§27 to 43 IO (see Question 4).
Austria
- Reinhard Bork, University of Hamburg, Michael Veder
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- Book:
- Harmonisation of Transactions Avoidance Laws
- Published by:
- Intersentia
- Published online:
- 26 May 2022
- Print publication:
- 09 February 2022, pp 291-300
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Summary
A. INSOLVENCY LAW OF AUSTRIA
In line with the approach taken in most jurisdictions, Austrian transaction avoidance law is incorporated in insolvency law; more precisely in part one, chapter two of the Austrian Insolvency Act (BGBl. I No. 29/2010, see §§27 – 43 Insolvenzordnung, hereinafter “IO”).
The rules on transactions avoidance law are the same for all debtors. Consequently, they also apply to natural persons (including consumers). It makes no difference whether the consumer is the debtor or the opponent of a transaction avoidance.
According to Austrian law, transaction avoidance applies in liquidation and restructuring proceedings (also referred to as “reorganisation proceedings”, in German: “Sanierungsverfahren”). The Insolvency Act governs both proceedings. These restructuring proceedings are collective proceedings aiming at eradicating the debtor’s substantive insolvency. Austrian law is therefore fully in line with recommendations. Austrian law also provides for pre-insolvency proceedings, which should avoid the occurrence of the debtor’s insolvency. However, transaction avoidance does not apply in these proceedings. It should be mentioned here that these pre-insolvency proceedings contain rules restricting or exempting some transactions (and restructuring measures) taken in the course of such proceedings from transaction avoidance (see, e.g., §20 of the Austrian Business Reorganisation Act of 1997, BGBl. I No. 114/1997 (“URG”), and §§36a and 36b IO).
B. SCOPE
The implementation of the Model Law would not change the scope of Austrian transaction avoidance law. C. GENERAL PREREQUISITES
Austrian law fully corresponds with the general prerequisites elaborated in the proposal.
The term “legal act” is understood in a very broad manner. The Austrian legislator deliberately chose a very broad term that also extends to forbearance (see §36 IO). Additionally, transaction avoidance is not restricted to legal acts undertaken by the debtor; it also covers legal acts undertaken by a creditor, e.g. satisfaction in the course of individual enforcement (see §35 IO), or by a third party, e.g. by paying the debtor’s creditor or by using the debtor’s funds to acquire the debtor’s property through enforcement proceedings.
Role of psychiatric hospitals during a pandemic: introducing the Munich Psychiatric COVID-19 Pandemic Contingency Plan
- Kristina Adorjan, Oliver Pogarell, Dorothee Streb, Frank Padberg, Christian Erdmann, Gabriele Koller, Florian Raabe, Daniela Reich-Erkelenz, Sylvia de Jonge, Karin Neumeier, Peter Zill, Karl-Walter Jauch, Thomas G. Schulze, Peter Falkai
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue 2 / March 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2021, e41
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Background
Psychiatry is facing major challenges during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID)-19 pandemic. These challenges involve its actual and perceived role within the medical system, in particular how psychiatric hospitals can maintain their core mission of attending to people with mental illness while at the same time providing relief to overstretched general medicine services. Although psychiatric disorders comprise the leading cause of the global burden of disease, mental healthcare has been deemphasised in the wake of the onslaught of the pandemic: to make room for emergency care, psychiatric wards have been downsized, clinics closed, psychiatric support systems discontinued and so on. To deal with this pressing issue, we developed a pandemic contingency plan with the aim to contain, decelerate and, preferably, avoid transmission of COVID-19 and to enable and maintain medical healthcare for patients with mental disorders.
AimsTo describe our plan as an example of how a psychiatric hospital can share in providing acute care in a healthcare system facing an acute and highly infectious pandemic like COVID-19 and at the same time provide support for people with mental illness, with or without a COVID-19 infection.
MethodThis was a descriptive study.
ResultsThe plan was based on the German national pandemic strategy and several legal recommendations and was implemented step by step on the basis of the local COVID-19 situation. In addition, mid- and long-term plans were developed for coping with the aftermath of the pandemic.
ConclusionsThe plan enabled the University Hospital to maintain medical healthcare for patients with mental disorders. It has offered the necessary flexibility to adapt its implementation to the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. The plan is designed to serve as an easily adaptable blueprint for psychiatric hospitals around the world.
Relevance of Threading Dislocations for the Thermal Oxidation of GaN (0001)
- Maria Reiner, Christian Koller, Kurt Pekoll, Rudolf Pietschnig, Clemens Ostermaier
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1792 / 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2015, mrss15-2133138
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- 2015
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The influence of threading dislocations (TDs) on the dry thermal oxidation of c-plane gallium nitride (GaN) is investigated for oxidation temperatures above 800°C. The transformation of GaN to gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is preferably found at TDs and grain boundaries, showing enhanced vertical oxidation, compared to defect free surface sites. Therefore, the increase in surface roughness commonly obtained upon oxidation is explained by an inhomogeneous chemical reactivity associated with those crystal defects. Additionally, annealing in an N2 atmosphere showed that also decomposition is favored at such chemically reactive spots. Comparison between decomposition and oxidation suggests that at temperatures above 950°C, the Ga2O3 formation is supported by the decomposition of GaN and subsequent oxidation of the metallic gallium.
Contributor affiliations
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Book:
- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
- Published online:
- 05 May 2014
- Print publication:
- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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Contributor affiliations
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael E. Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert H. Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
-
- Book:
- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
- Print publication:
- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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6 - Representing Otherness: African, Indian and European soldiers' letters and memoirs
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- By Christian Koller, University of Zurich
- Edited by Santanu Das, Queen Mary University of London
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- Book:
- Race, Empire and First World War Writing
- Published online:
- 05 February 2014
- Print publication:
- 28 April 2011, pp 127-142
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Summary
Writing about his experiences on the Western Front, the Senegalese war veteran Bakary Diallo recalled an episode involving a captured German soldier:
A German mistook his trench and, together with his coffee, was made prisoner by a Senegalese sentry. When he was encircled by African tirailleurs, the whole of his body was trembling. You poor man, didn't you anticipate this moment when you already gloated over your future glory? The blacks you thought to be savages have caught you in the war, but instead of killing you, they have made you a prisoner of war. Your fear will hopefully not prevent you from proclaiming in your country tomorrow, after the battle, sentiments of justice that will rehabilitate their name among the savage human races.
The deployment in Europe of more than 600,000 non-white soldiers from the French and British colonies caused a variety of encounters between European and colonial troops. While the Allied policies concerning the employment of these men in Europe and the hopes and racial prejudices surrounding them have been the subject of recent research, their actual experiences in Europe have been explored to a much lesser degree. This chapter uncovers fresh ground in two ways. First, rather than privileging propaganda accounts and official documents, it examines these records alongside personal testimonies – soldiers' letters, diaries and memoirs – to illuminate the colonial experience of combat ‘from below’.